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360, 540, etc.
Number describing degrees in an arc. A 360 represents one full turn through an axis. A 360 turn, for example, is a flat turn where the aircraft does not roll its wings but rather just 'slides' through 360 degrees turning on rudder only.
For helis: A 540 stall turn, for example, describes a one and one half revolution spin at the apex of a vertical stall, which results in the helicopter resuming nose forward flight before recovery.
3D
Term describing a type of flight pattern, which is characterized by the performance of very specialized aerobatic manuevers below the model's normal stall speed. Examples include torque rolls, 'walk in the park', harriers, hangers, etc.
For helis: combining two or more maneuvers into one maneuver. Examples: rolling circle, inverted backwards loop.
3F
Slang abbreviation for flip flop flying. Similar to 3D, but without the finesse.
ATL = Adjustable Throttle Limiter
High-end feature which adjusts to bring full servo potential within the limits of bind-free servo travel. Ideal for throttle control, or for more effective braking in gas racing.
ATV/EPA = Adjustable Travel Volume/End Point Adjustment
Allows separate adjustments of maximum servo travel to both sides of neutral. Helps tailor outputs for different control styles. Please refer to this FAQ for more information.
Aft
Towards the rear. Used such as: "...with an aft center of gravity...."
Aileron Differential
Creating larger upward aileron travel than downward aileron travel to help minimize the model "dragging" the drooped aileron which causes a model to yaw with aileron input.
Ailerons
Hinged control surfaces located on the trailing edge of the wing, one on each side, which provide control of the airplane about the roll axis. The control direction is often confusing to first time modelers. For a right roll or turn, the right hand aileron is moved upward and the left hand aileron downward, and vice versa for a left roll or turn.
Ailevators
Twin elevator servos plugged into separate channels used to control elevator with the option to also have the 2 elevator servos act as ailerons in conjunction with the primary ailerons.
Airfoil
The shape of the wing when looking at its profile. Usually a raindrop type shape.
For helis: The rotor disk is the effective wing, and airfoil refers to the shape of the blades.
Amphibian
An aircraft that can fly off of water or land. The wheels retract into the hull or floats, depending upon the type of aircraft. An amphibian can land on water and then extend the landing gear to allow it to pull up onto the shore. Many seaplane bases had ramps to allow the airplanes to pull up onto dry land parking areas.
Angle of attack
The angle that the wing penetrates the air. As the angle of attack increases so does lift, up to a point (and drag).
Area
The number of square inches (or feet) of the wing. It's the wingspan multiplied by the wing's chord. The area of a tapered wing is the wingspan multiplied by the average chord.
Articulated Rotor
This is borrowed from full sized helicopters, and is a rotor head which allows the blades to flap, drag and feather.
Aspect Ratio
The wingspan divided by the chord. Aspect ratio is important where a wing's efficiency is concerned. A short aspect ratio (short wings) is better for maneuvering, since it allows a high roll rate. Short wings are also stronger than long wings. Gliders use high-aspect ratio wings (long, skinny wings) because they are more efficient for soaring flight. Example: 10 ft. wingspan with a 1 ft. chord has an aspect ratio of 10.
Autorotation
The ability of a rotary wing aircraft to land safely without engine power. This maneuver uses the stored energy in the rotor blades to produce lift at the end of decent, allowing the model to land safely.
Axis
The line around which a body rotates.
BEC = Battery Eliminator Circuitry
Allows receiver to draw power from a main battery pack, eliminating the need for (and weight of) a receiver battery.
Ball Bearing
Servo's output shaft is supported with bearings for increased performance and accuracy.
Ball Link
Connection using a ball, and a link which rotates on the ball. Used to connect the servo to a control surface or lever.
Backlash
Term describing the amount of play between gears, or gear mesh. If too loose, the gear can slip, or strip the teeth. Too tight, and excessive wear is caused.
Base Load Antenna
A rigid, short antenna mounted to the model. Used to replace the longer receiver antenna.
Bell and Hiller
Control system used in helicopters. Changes pitch of blades in relation to their position via a swashplate. A flybar with paddles is used to gain responsiveness. The two systems are linked with Control Levers.
Binding
What occurs when the friction at a joint is stronger than the linkage.
Boring holes in the sky
Having fun flying an R/C airplane, without any pre-determined flight pattern.
"Buddy" or Trainer Box
Two similar transmitters that are wired together with a "trainer cord." This is most useful when learning to fly—it's the same as having dual controls. The instructor can take control by using the "trainer switch" on his transmitter.
Butterfly
Also known as crow. A mix which activates up flaperons and down inner-most flaps for gliding speed control without spoilers or airbrakes.
CA
Abbreviation for cyanoacrylate. An instant type glue that is available in various viscosities (Thin, Medium, Thick, and Gel). These glues are ideal for the assembly of wood airplanes and other materials. NOTE: Most CA glues will attack foam.
CCPM
Cyclic-Collective-Pitch-Mixing. Type of swashplate mixing which requires a radio with CCPM mixing functions. This uses three servos to control the cyclic, while all three work together to raise and lower the swashplate for collective control. Please refer to the swashplate FAQ for further information.
CG = "Center of Gravity"
For modeling purposes, this is usually considered—the point at which the airplane balances fore to aft. This point is critical in regards to how the airplane reacts in the air. A tail-heavy plane will be very snappy but generally very unstable and susceptible to more frequent stalls. If the airplane is nose heavy, it will tend to track better and be less sensitive to control inputs, but, will generally drop its nose when the throttle is reduced to idle. This makes the plane more difficult to land since it takes more effort to hold the nose up. A nose heavy airplane will have to come in faster to land safely.
Camber
If you draw a line through the center of the airfoil that's exactly half-way between the top and bottom surface, you get the mean airfoil line. Depending upon the airfoil, it can be straight or curved. This curve is called the "camber" of the airfoil. If it has a lot of curve, the airfoil is said to be "highly-cambered".
Canard
The horizontal surface forward of the wing used to control pitch. It's found on very few aircraft. Also the word used to describe aircraft that have a main wing and a horizontal control surface in the nose...also called, "tail first" aircraft.
Carburetor
The part of the engine which controls the speed or throttle setting and lean/rich mixture via setting of the needle valve.
Chandelle
A very steep climbing turn where the airplane makes a 180o change of direction.
Channel
The frequency number used by the transmitter to send signals to the receiver. If radios transmit on the same frequency, or channel, glitching will occur in the active receiver on that channel. This is due to conflicting signals sent by the two radios. Flying sites should have a frequency control system to ensure that only one radio operates on any given channel at one time. This is usually a board with some type of marker for each channel. If the marker is not available, someone else is using that channel. Do not use your radio unless you are sure you are the only one on the frequency.
Channel
The number of functions your radio can control. Ex: an 8 channel radio has 8 available servo slots used for separate control surfaces or switches. These channels can also be mixed on many radios, for such functions as collective, which increases pitch when throttle is increased.
Charge Jack
The plug receptacle of the switch harness into which the charger is plugged to charge the airborne battery. An expanded scale voltmeter (ESV) can also be plugged into it to check battery voltage between flights. It is advisable to mount the charge jack in an accessible area of the fuselage so an ESV can be used without removing the wing.
Charger
Device used to recharge batteries and usually supplied with the radio if NiCad batteries are included.
Chord
The "depth" of the wing, its distance from leading edge to trailing edge. One of the components used to determine wing area. May vary from root to tip.
Control Surface
Any one of the various moveable portions of the wings, tail surfaces, or canard.
Conventional Gear
The landing gear arrangement where the airplane has a main gear and a tailwheel.
Coreless motor
In a conventional servo, the motor has a steel core armature wrapped in wire that spins inside the magnets. In a coreless design, the armature uses a thin wire mesh that forms a cup that spins around the outside of the magnet eliminating the heavy steel core. A coreless motor does not have magnets as standard servo motors do, so they have a smoother, more constant, and stronger action. Regular servo motors have either 3 or 5 magnets (poles) which when the armature is between these, the servo motor is at its weakest.
Cowl
The large molded fairing around an engine. It serves two purposes when done right: It helps the airflow go smoothly around the front of the airplane, and also provides a proper path for cooling air around the engine.
Cyclic
Term used for the horizontal controls used to determine the attitude of the helicopter. Also known as elevator and aileron.
DSC = Direct Servo Control
High-end convenience feature which allows control/adjustment of servo function without sending signal through receiver. Requires optional DSC cord (FUTM4250) and DSC-compatible receiver such as R149DP and R113IP.
Dead Stick
A term used to describe unpowered flight (glide) when the engine quits running.
Dialed In
Slang term for the condition in which the model is set up to fly smoothly and predictably. This is the state where the mechanics and electronics work together to produce the best performance.
Differential
Uneven movement in each direction of a control surface. Usually used when discussing ailerons or when describing an undesired unevenness in movement of other controls.
Digital
Please see the digital servo web page: http://www.futabarc.com/servos/futm0211.html
Diode
An electronic component which only allows current to flow one direction. Protects the transmitter against reverse polarity or power surges during charging.
Dorsal Fin
An extension of the vertical fin forward of the main part of the fin, and against the fuselage. On the top, or "dorsal" side of the aircraft.
Drag
The air resistance to forward motion. Drag can be increased with the use of certain types of devices installed on the aircraft, such as spoilers, airbrakes, or flaps. Old-style aircraft with lots of supporting wires had very large amounts of drag, while modern aircraft such as military jets, have very low drag.
Dual Conversion
A type of receiver that converts the incoming frequency through two intermediate stages. This tends to eliminate the type of interference known as "image". With high-precision components, it also allows the receiver to be much more precise in selecting the incoming channel it accepts. This is what helps the receiver to be very narrow-band.
Dual Rates
A switch that can make controls more or less sensitive. Lower rates are better for beginners, who tend to overcontrol.
Elevator
Hinged control surface located at the trailing edge of the horizontal stabilizer, which provides control of the airplane about the pitch axis and causes the airplane to climb or dive. The correct direction of control is to pull the transmitter elevator control stick back, toward the bottom of the transmitter, to move the elevator upward, which causes the airplane to climb, and vice versa to dive.
Elevator-to-Flap Mixing
Used to apply flaps along with elevators to increase lift, allowing modeler to fly at slower speeds, make tighter loops or turns, etc.
Empennage
The vertical and horizontal tail surfaces of an airplane.
Epoxy
A two-part resin/hardener glue that is extremely strong. It is generally available in 6 and 30-minute formulas. Used for critical points in the aircraft where high strength is necessary.
Expanded Scale Voltmeter (ESV)
Device used to read the battery voltage of the on- board battery pack or transmitter battery pack.
Exponential Rate
Offers servo travel that is not directly proportional to stick travel. Control response is milder below half-stick, but becomes increasing stronger as stick travel approaches 100%. Great for aerobatics and trouble situations.
FM
Frequency Modulation. This describes the mode of transmission of radio signal from transmitter to receiver.
Fail Safe
A safety feature which turns a servo to a preset position if the signal is lost or interrupted. Please refer to the FAQ for more information. Additionally, battery failsafe is a safety feature which brings the throttle servo down to idle as a warning that the receiver battery's voltage is getting dangerously low. Please refer to the FAQ for more information.
Fairing
A shaped area used to smooth out, streamline, or "fair", the joint between two members of an airplane. A wing fairing joins the wing and fuselage. A landing gear fairing streamlines the landing gear struts, and wheel fairings (wheel "pants") streamline the bulky shape of the wheels.
Field charger
A fast battery charger designed to work from a 12-volt power source, such as a car battery.
"Figure 9"
Can be an "official" competition maneuver, or a badly-done loop. When the model flies over the top of a loop and picks up too much speed, the momentum prevents it from maintaining a loop's round shape.
Fin, Vertical Fin
The fixed portion of the vertical tail surface.
Flaperons
The movement of two aileron servos, both in the same direction at the same time, acting as flaps.
Flaps
Hinged control surface located at the trailing edge of the wing inboard of the ailerons. The flaps are lowered to produce more aerodynamic lift from the wing, allowing a slower takeoff and landing speed. Flaps are often found on scale models, but usually not on basic trainers.
Flare
The point during the landing approach in which the pilot gives an increased amount of up elevator to smooth the touchdown of the airplane.
Flight Box
A special box used to hold and transport all equipment used at the flying field.
Flight Pack or Airborne Pack
All of the radio equipment installed in the airplane, i.e., Receiver, Servos, Battery, Switch harness.
Floats
Long, canoe-shaped structures that allow an airplane to land on water. They are not a part of the aircraft structure, but suspended below the fuselage on struts. Also called "Pontoons".
Flutter
A phenomenon whereby the elevator or aileron control surface begins to oscillate violently in flight. This can sometimes cause the surface to break away from the aircraft and cause a crash. There are many reasons for this, but the most common are excessive hinge gap or excessive "slop" in the pushrod connections and control horns. If you ever hear a low-pitched buzzing sound, reduce throttle and land immediately.
Flyback
Decrease in angle held by a servo which is being commanded by an AVCS gyro when the input is released. For example, a rudder servo might be at full deflection when rudder input is held. When the rudder stick is released but the model has not yet turned as far as the AVCS gyro has read your input to tell it to move, the servo will continue to hold input. However, it may "flyback" or decrease the angle at which it is holding slightly. This is perfectly normal.
Flying Boat
The type of aircraft where the fuselage has the lower portion shaped like a power boat. The plane lands on water directly onto the fuselage. There may be small floats suspended from the wings to keep the plane level when it's in the water.
Fore, Forward
Towards the front. Used such as "...the forward edge of the rib...", or as in "...with fore and aft movement...."
Frequency Control
The FCC has allowed the 72MHz (72.010 - 72.990) band to be used for R/C aircraft operations. This band is divided up into many different channels in which you can choose a radio system. You should be aware that certain areas have frequencies in which there is pager interference. This is why it is always a wise move to check with your local hobby shop to find out any channels that may be troublesome in the area you wish to fly. The FCC has allowed band 75MHz (75.410 through 75.990) for ground model use only (robots, battlebots, cars, boats), 50MHz (50.800 - 50.980) is allocated only to Amateur HAM license holders for R/C use (and only at 1W maximum power output.)
Fuselage
The body of an airplane.
Gain
Gyro sensitivity. When too low, the tail will not hold position well. When too high, the surface being dampened by the gyro will tend to wag, or hunt for center.
Glitch
Momentary radio problem that never happens unless you are over trees or a swamp.
Glow Plug
The heat source for igniting the fuel/air mixture in the engine. When starting the engine a battery is used to heat the filament. After the engine is running, the battery can be removed. The wire filament inside the plug is kept hot by the "explosions" in the engine's cylinder. See next heading and "Idle Bar" plug.
Grease-in
A very smooth, gentle landing without a hint of a bounce.
Gyro
A gyro is an electro-mechanical, or electronic device which aids in the control of an R/C model. The gyro senses motion in one axis, and directs the servo to counter that motion. The sensor, which can be a mechanical gyroscope, or an electronic piezo crystal, detects unwanted movement. The gyro then instructs the servo to counter for that motion. At all times, the radio commands will override the gyro command. The level of control the gyro had is adjusted by the GAIN setting.
Mechanical Gyro: uses a mechanical gyroscope (similar to the child's toy) to sense movement.
Piezo Gyro: uses a piezo crystal to sense movement.
Non-Heading-hold vs. heading hold: A standard (nonHH) gyro senses movement and makes an effort to counter that movement as long as it feels it. Therefore, it is NOT going to return the model to the exact heading prior to the movement. Heading Hold (or AVCS) gyros will lock the model into one position, and accurately correct for movement by sensing rate of change and returning at that same rate.
SMM technology: utilizes a microchip to sense movement and provide all readings. Experiences minimal effect from temperature change, commonly known as 'temperature drift' which affects piezo and some mechanical gyros.
Heading Hold
This describes a type of Gyro which senses rotation, and maintains direction. This is accomplished by sensing the rate of motion, and the time of motion, then compensating for the distance. While this sounds complicated, the effect is that if you have the model dialed in, and point the nose north, with a heading hold gyro on the yaw axis the model will continue to face north until you command it to yaw. See also Heading Lock. This is not recommended for aircraft use while in flight due to the requirement to use YAW (rudder) command to turn the model. Often used for ground use only for perfect take off and landing runs.
Heading Lock
Slang term for Heading Hold Gyro.
Helicopter Radio
A remote control radio system designed specifically for use with helicopter models. The helicopter radio differs from an aircraft radio in a few ways. First, the heli radio needs mixing functions specific to helicopters, and usually a minimum of five channels. Collective mixing for collective pitch helicopters is a necessity. Second is the throttle stick, which is ratcheted in airplane transmitters, will not have the clicking feel on the heli version. This is due to the precise control needed on the heli collective stick to achieve and sustain a controlled hover. The specific radio requirements will vary from user to user, and the parameters used will vary from helicopter to helicopter. Note that many radios produced have both airplane and helicopter programming in a single radio.
Hit (or to be hit)
Sudden radio interference which causes your model to fly in an erratic manner. Most often caused by someone turning on a radio that is on your frequency, but can be caused by other radio sources miles away.
Horizontal Stabilizer
The horizontal tail surface at the back of the fuselage which provides aerodynamic pitch stability to the airplane.
Idle Up
This is a setting on the transmitter which limits the throttle minimum. Particularly useful for FFF and 3D stunt flying.
Immelmann
A maneuver originally used to reverse direction in combat. The airplane noses up and over onto its back. It then rolls upright and continues in the direction opposite to the original direction. It was invented by the World War I German pilot Max Immelmann, whose airplane could perform the maneuver, and others couldn't. It got him out of a lot of trouble in combat until the Allied aircraft designs caught-up and allowed their planes to perform the maneuver, too.
Intake
An air inlet on an aircraft. You can have a carburetor intake, cooling intake, air conditioning intake (on full-size aircraft), and so on. Named because it "takes in" air, and because "intake" is a better-sounding word than "takes in".
Inverted
To fly a model upside-down.
Inverted Flight Control
Activates inverted flight programming for helis, which reverses the direction of the rudder, pitch and elevator servos, and sets up inverted flight pitch high-side and low-side. Inverted programming is used to allow the radio inputs to be identical to upright flight while the model is inverted. Note: this approach to hovering is seldom used. Instead, idle-ups are used and the modeler learns to understand and respond to the controls' reversal in inverted flight.
Landing Gear
The assemblies that include the wheels and the wheel struts. The word "gear" is used in the sense of "equipment", as opposed to the "toothed wheel" meaning of "gear". The British call the landing gear the "undercarriage".
Lateral Balance
The left-right or side-to-side balance of an airplane. An airplane that is laterally balanced will track better through loops and other maneuvers.
Leading Edge (LE)
The very front edge of the wing or stabilizer. This is the edge that hits the air first.
Loop
A vertical circle in the air. The plane noses up, keeps rotating until it's on its back, and then comes down and around to describe a vertical circle in the air.
MHz = Megahertz
The unit of radio frequency. 75 MHz are surface frequencies; 72 MHz are air frequencies; 27 MHz and 50 MHz can be used for either ground or air applications. Note: Use of the 50 MHz (ham radio) band requires an FCC license.
MPH
Speed in Miles Per Hour. Like RPM, MPH is both singular and plural.
Main Gear
Also Main Landing Gear. The large, heavy-duty landing gear struts and wheels that support most of the weight of the airplane. They are usually under the wing or under the fuselage near the center of the aircraft. Any other landing gear struts and wheels are noticeably smaller.
Metal gears
Drive gears within a servo which are made of one or multiple metal types. Metal gears tend to wear more rapidly than nylon gears when in the same installation, and so require more frequent service to maintain optimum accuracy; however, metal gears are more durable in the case of severe vibration, flutter, or physical shock.
Mixing
Allows a single input to control the operation of two or more servos. Simplifies routine flying and allows more involved maneuvers—great for intermediate-advanced fliers. For example, Flap-to-elevator mixing: Most models will change pitch upon deploying flaps (some will climb; others dive). After test flying the model and determining the direction and amount of elevator throw required to correct for this change, a pilot may set a flap-to-elevator mix to compensate. Once the mix is operating properly, when the modeler gives flap control, the radio automatically also gives the proportional amount of elevator throw, keeping the model flat and straight.
Mixing Arm
A specialized lever which has three or more pivots. The length between pivots will determine the proportion of the mix between two or more linkages.
Module
A removable/replacable plug in unit used in most complex computer radios, containing all frequency control equipment, including the crystal and all tuned components. Changing channels or bands on a modular radio requires only changing module. Changing crystals WITHIN a module to change the channel of the module itself is against FCC regulation and is not recommended. To use your transmitter on a different channel you simply purchase another module on that other channel and the radio is now fully properly tuned and safe and easy to use on that other channel as well.
Futaba module models include TP, TK, TJ, TL, and TK-FSS. For information on which module to use, see 9Z/8U modules, TF modules and aftermarket modules.
Narrow-Band
A radio with a 20 KHz band width. All Futaba radios produced 1992 or later and all Futaba FM and PCM radios ever produced are narrow band. Specific list of Futaba narrow band transmitters.
NiCad (or NiCd) = Nickel Cadmium battery
Rechargeable batteries which are typically used as power for radio transmitters and receivers.
Nitro = Nitromethane
A fuel additive which increases a model engine's ability to idle low and improves high speed performance. Ideal nitro content varies from engine to engine. Refer to the engine manufacturer's instructions for best results. Nitro content in fuel is indicated by the percent of the fuel.
Nose Gear
The strut and wheel that's under the nose of some aircraft.
Nylon gears
Drive gears within a servo are made of nylon. Nylon gears show slower wear than metal gears, but are more prone to failure due to severe vibration, flutter, or physical shock to the servo.
PA2 = Pilot Assist
Optional onboard device which uses optical sensors to correct model's orientation to upright.
PCM = Pulse Code Modulation
PCM systems use digitally encoded signals to minimize interference and provide today's most advanced R/C control. Please refer to the PCM 1024 info page and the FAQ for more information.
PPM
Pulse Position Modulation. Another term for FM.
Peak
This is the point at which a battery will no longer accept a charge, and converts the energy to heat. This is damaging to the battery pack, and potentially hazardous.
Peak Charger
This type of charger will eliminate the guesswork. When the battery has reached peak, the charger reverts to a maintenance charge rate, which will not damage the pack.
Pitch Axis
The airplane axis controlled by the elevator. Pitch is illustrated by holding the airplane at each wingtip. Raising or lowering the nose is the pitch movement. This is how the climb or dive is controlled.
Pitch Curve
The programming function of the radio which aids in setting the hover point, and end points of the blade pitch in the collective mix.
Pitch Trim
Offsets the entire heli pitch curve, increasing or decreasing responsiveness proportionally at all points.
Power Panel
12-volt distribution panel that provides correct voltage for accessories like glow-plug clips, fuel pumps and electric starters. Usually mounted on a field box and connected to a 12-volt battery.
Pull-Pull
A linkage set up using two rods or wires. One is pulled for one direction, the other is pulled for the other.
Push-Pull
A linkage set up using two rods. One rod pushes, while the other pulls.
RPM
How fast something turns. It means Revolutions Per Minute. It is both singular and plural.
Receiver (Rx)
The radio unit in the airplane which receives the transmitter signal and relays the control to the servos. This is somewhat similar to the radio you may have in your family automobile, except the radio in the airplane perceives commands from the transmitter, while the radio in your car perceives music from the radio station.
Reflex
If a wing has an airfoil that curves down from the high point, and then curves back up, it's said to be "reflexed". Reflex is the size of that reverse curve.
Resonance
This is the increased vibration (or amplitude of oscillation) of system when acted upon by a force whose frequency is close to or equal to the normal frequency of the system. When the resonance of many parts of a machine are in synch, the whole machine will vibrate at a greater rate and can be damaged. Resonance can cause difficulties in an aircraft, particularly when using a vibration mount with an improperly balanced propeller/spinner.
For helis: Keep in mind that a helicopter has many rotating parts, and they all cause resonance. The helicopter will need to be tuned to reduce the amount of vibration.
Retract Servo
Specifically used for mechanical retracts. It is a non-proportional servo which only moves 180 degrees. That is to say this servo is either "off" (gear up and fully locked) or "on" (gear down and fully locked). No ATV, EPA, or AST adjustments can be made on these servos because they are not proportional. The linkage must be set up properly to allow this servo to operate at its full range and do its job—securing your model's landing gear in a gear-up or gear-down position.
Retracts
Short for retractable landing gear. Wheels and struts that fold up into the airplane to get them out of the airstream and present less resistance to the airflow.
Revolution Mixing
The function of the radio which mixes throttle to rudder, preventing the rotation of the helicopter during throttle increase or decrease.
Roll (maneuver)
The airplane keeps the nose pointed in one direction while it rolls over on its back and then upright again.
Roll Axis
The airplane axis controlled by the ailerons. Roll is illustrated by holding the airplane by the nose and tail. Dropping either wingtip is the roll movement. This is used to bank or turn the airplane. Many aircraft are not equipped with ailerons and the Roll and Yaw motions are controlled by the rudder. This is one reason why most trainer aircraft have a larger amount of dihedral.
Rudder
Hinged control surface located at the trailing edge of the vertical stabilizer, which provides control of the airplane about the Yaw axis and causes the airplane to Yaw left or right. Left rudder movement causes the airplane to Yaw left, and right rudder movement causes it to Yaw right.
Rudder Offset
In radios with idle up functions, this specifies the amount of tail rotor pitch in the different idle up conditions.
Rudder-to-Aileron
Mix used to counteract undesirable roll which often happens with rudder input, especially in knife edge, also called roll coupling.
Rudder-to-Throttle
This heli mix adds a small amount of throttle to counter the added load on the main gear from increasing the pitch of the tail blades, helping to maintain a constant headspeed during rudder application. (This is a minor effect and is not a critical mix for most helicopters.)
Ruddervator
Ruddervators are on a v-tail. Both of the ruddervators move up and down for pitch control and both move left or right for yaw control.
Rx
Abbreviation for receiver.
SMT = Surface Mount Technology
Ultralight, solid-state components which offer greater vibration resistance and reliability.
Seaplane
An airplane that has floats, or pontoons, attached to allow it to land on water.
Servo
The electro-mechanical device which moves the control surfaces or throttle of the airplane according to commands from the receiver. The radio device which does the physical work inside the airplane.
Servo Reversing
Reverses the rotation of a servo with the flip of a switch. Adds ease and flexilibility during installation.
Servo Output Arm
The removable arm or wheel which bolts to the output shaft of a servo and connects to the pushrod.
Servo Reversing
Used to reverse the direction of a servo to ease installation and set up.
Shot down
A "hit" that results in a crash landing. Sometimes caused by radios miles away.
Slats
Moveable surfaces on the leading edge of the wing that helps airflow in low-speed flight. They enable the wing to fly at lower airspeeds than without them by directing the airflow over the wing and preventing separation of the airflow. Basically, they are retractable slots. All modern jetliners have slats, which open when landing flaps are lowered. Some aircraft intended for very short takeoff and landing have slats that open and close automatically, depending upon airspeed and angle of attack.
Slip
A maneuver where the airplane's controls are used to make the fuselage fly at an angle to the line of flight. This causes a tremendous increase in drag, and allows an airplane without landing flaps to increase its angle of descent without picking up a lot of speed.
Slop
Unwanted, excessive free movement in a control system. Often caused by a hole in a servo arm or control horn that is too big for the pushrod wire or clevis pin. This condition allows the control surface to move without transmitter stick movement. Also, see flutter.
Slot
A specially-shaped slot in the wing just behind the leading edge. This directs airflow from below to the top of the wing, and helps low-speed flight by delaying the stall. Because they are permanently-mounted, they do add drag. See also "Slats"
Slow Roll
A very slow version of the roll.
Snap Roll
A type of rolling maneuver that is very quick and violent. It's basically a spin where the flight path is in any direction chosen by the pilot. Improper speed control during a landing approach can also make the model snap over on one wing and enter a spin. Since it's close to the ground, there's not enough room to recover, and a crash results.
Snap Roll Switch
Combines rudder, elevator and aileron movement to cause the aircraft to snap or spin on the flip of a switch.
Solo
Your first totally unassisted flight that results in a controlled landing.
Span, also "Wingspan"
The widest straight-line distance between the two wingtips.
Speed Brakes
Large panels that fold out of the aircraft structure to provide a lot of extra drag to the air. They are not part of the wing structure, but are usually mounted on the fuselage. Military jets most often have speed brakes, which fold out of the fuselage. Some airliners use spoilers as speed brakes when at altitude.
Speed Flap
The middle control surface on a 6-trailing-edge-surface glider or the inboard control surface on a 4-surface glider.
Spin
A maneuver where one wing is stalled and the other is still flying. This causes the airplane to rotate around its middle while it descends at a high rate of speed. When it's done on purpose, it is a precision maneuver, with the pilot trying to get the airplane to rotate an exact number of turns from entry to exit. When it's done accidentally, it can easily result in a crash. Many models crash when the pilot enters an accidental spin too close to the ground. This is caused by improper speed control during the landing approach.
Spinner
The bullet-shaped fairing on the nose of the airplane around the propeller. This smooths the airflow around the propeller hub and also makes the airplane looks much better.
Split-S
Basically a reverse Immelmann. The airplane rolls onto its back, and then the nose comes down to finish a 1/2-loop. The direction of flight is changed 180o.
Spoiler(s)
Control surfaces on the wing that destroy lift. They "spoil" it. They are used on sailplanes because they can steepen the very flat glide of the aircraft, which makes landings much easier. On full-size aircraft, spoilers are also used to kill lift on landing to make sure the airplane is firmly on the ground. They also add a lot of drag to help with aerodynamic braking.
Stall
What happens when the angle of attack is too great to generate lift regardless of airspeed. (Every airfoil has an angle of attack at which it generates maximum lift—the airfoil will stall beyond this angle).
Strut
Basically this is a supporting member. A wing strut supports the wing, and goes from the fuselage to the wing. Cabane struts are on biplanes, and support the upper wing over the fuselage. A landing gear strut is the portion that holds the wheel assembly to the airplane, and away from the wing or fuselage.
Sub-Trim
This is a trim function on many computer radios, allowing trim function during set-up, and still allowing the full trim function in flight.
Tachometer
An optical sensor designed specifically to count light impulses through a turning propeller and read out the engine RPM.
Taildragger
The nickname of an airplane that sits on its tail with the two main wheels in front and a tailwheel in the rear.
Tailskid
On old World War I type aircraft, or pioneer-type aircraft, there was no tailwheel. A wooden skid was used to support the tail of the airplane. While this helps slow the airplane during landing, it is useless as an aid to steering on the ground. The real aircraft with tailskids had to be maneuvered on the ground by ground crews, who put the tail on a small cart and towed the airplane where they wanted it. For small distances, the tail was picked-up by hand and the airplane pushed into position by the ground crew.
Tailwheel
The small wheel at the tail of the airplane. This is found on the type of airplane that have the two large wheels in the front, and the small one in the rear. The airplane sits on its tail.
Throttle
The control that allows the pilot to change the speed of the engine. In a car, the "gas pedal" is actually the throttle control for the car.
Throttle Curve
The programming function of the radio which allows throttle operation to be adjusted to meet the modeler's specific needs at various points along the throttle movement. Particularly useful with 2-stroke engines in providing linear throttle response at the various points of throttle application.
For helis: Aids in setting the hover point, and end points of the throttle in the collective mix.
Throttle Hold
A radio function which locks the throttle at a fixed point while a switch is activated. This function is used to hold the throttle in an idle. Useful when starting, as well as for auto rotations.
Thrust
The forward force provided by the airplane's engine. This is the force that drives the airplane forward.
Torque
The force which tends to cause rotation.
Trailing Edge (TE)
The rearmost edge of the wing or stabilizer.
Trainer Airplane
A model designed to be inherently stable and fly at low speeds, to give first-time modelers time to think and react as they learn to fly.
Trainer System
Allows trainer to link radios with a student via a cord, and to instantly take control of student's craft in-flight. The 8U system has special training features available.
Transmitter (Tx)
The hand-held radio controller. This is the unit that sends out the commands that you input.
Tricycle Gear
The landing gear arrangement where the airplane has main gear and a nose gear.
Tx
Abbreviation for transmitter.
Undercamber
This means that the lower surface of the wing has a hollow curve when observed from front to back. A thin wing with a high camber will be undercambered.
V-tail Model Mixing
Used on a V-tail model to have two servos operate two control surfaces as both rudder and elevator.
Ventral Fin
A small vertical surface on the bottom of the aft fuselage. Usually a long, slim triangle that is narrow at the front, and widens toward the rear. It usually ends at the rudder hinge line.
Vertical Fin
The non-moving surface that is perpendicular to the horizontal stabilizer and provides yaw stability. This is the surface to which the rudder attaches.
Washout
An intentional twist in the wing, causing the wing tips to have a lower angle of attack than the wing root. In other words, the trailing edge is higher than the leading edge at the wing tips. Washout helps prevent tip stalls, and helps the "PT" family of trainers recover, hands-off, from unwanted spiral dives.
Wheel Pants
The large fairings used to streamline the wheels of an aircraft that has non-retracting or "fixed" landing gear (so-called because it's "fixed" in place).
Wing
The main lifting surface of an airplane.
Winglet
A small vertical surface at the tips of the wings. They help direct the turbulent airflow that all wings have at the tips. They make the wings more efficient.
Yaw
The nose-left and nose-right movement of the airplane. This is controlled by the rudder.
Yaw Axis
The airplane axis controlled by the rudder. Yaw is illustrated by hanging the airplane level by a wire located at the center of gravity. Left or right movement of the nose is the Yaw movement.
360, 540, etc…
Number describing degrees in an arc. A 360 represents one full turn through an axis. A 360 turn, for example, is a flat turn where the aircraft does not roll its wings but rather just 'slides' through 360 degrees turning on rudder only.
3D
Term describing a type of flight pattern, which is characterized by the performance of very specialized aerobatic manuevers below the model's normal stall speed. Examples include torque rolls, 'walk in the park', harriers, hangers, etc.
3F
Slang abbreviation for flip flop flying. Similar to 3D, but without the finesse.
ABC
Aluminum-Brass-Chrome. The components used in the production of non-ringed engines. These engines use an aluminum piston, and a chrome or nickel plated brass sleeve. The engine is harder to turn over and start due to the tight fit between the piston and cylinder. This tight fit is what makes the engine more efficient, and powerful. ABC engines must be run in for best performance.
ABL
Advanced Bimetallic Liner. Specialized form of ABN. Instead of a single-step, single-material plating, the ABL Plating process is based on a layered approach made possible by two OS-developed hard-nickel alloys. The first alloy is used as the bottom (bonding) layer, to fuse the top layer to the brass liner. The second alloy, developed for superior hardness, forms the top layer. Together, they create a barrier that protects the liner against excessive heat and wear.
ABN
Aluminum-Brass-Nickel. The components used in the production of non-ringed engines. These engines use an aluminum piston, and a nickel plated brass sleeve. The engine is harder to turn over and start due to the tight fit between the piston and cylinder. This tight fit is what makes the engine more efficient, and powerful. ABN engines must be run in for best performance.
ARF
Almost Ready to Fly. A kit which is mostly pre-assembled, usually requiring installation of few parts, engine, and radio gear. Almost Ready to Fly name compares to a kit, which is a package of parts which require assembly.
ATV
Adjustable Travel Volume. Used on many radio transmitters to limit, or extend, maximum throw of a servo. ATV can indicate having a single adjustment which affects both ends of the servo (known as AST) or one adjustment for each end of the servo throw (known as EPA).
Aerobatics
The act of performing 'acrobatic' or stunt manuevers in the air such as loops, rolls, etc. For extensive information on aerobatics, consider purchasing A Look at Aerobatics (GPMZ0220), written by two-time U.S. National IMAC Aerobatic Freestyle Champion, Mike Cross.
Aft
Towards the rear. Used such as: "...with an aft center of gravity....".
After Run Oil
A lubricant designed to displace unburned fuel in the engine after running. The fuel can accelerate corrosion on some engine parts. By using an after run oil, the fuel is displaced, and a protective coating lines sensitive engine parts. This is an inexpensive engine insurance, and promotes long engine life. There are several good after run oils on the market.
Ailerons
Control surfaces usually on the wing, often near the tips. Used to bank the aircraft. They work in opposite directions (when one goes up, the other goes down.) One aileron raising forces air to push that side of the wing down, causing the model to roll in that direction. So, to roll right the right aileron raises. They control the airplane around the roll axis.
Airfoil
The shape of the wing when looking at its profile. Usually a raindrop type shape.
Amphibian
An aircraft that can fly off of water or land. The wheels retract into the hull or floats, depending upon the type of aircraft. An amphibian can land on water and then extend the landing gear to allow it to pull up onto the shore. Many seaplane bases had ramps to allow the airplanes to pull up onto dry land parking areas.
Angle of Attack
The amount of pitch at which an airfoil is flying. By adjusting the angle of attack, the efficiency of the wing/blade is effected. More precisely, the angle between the chord of an airfoil and the wind.
Area
The number of square inches (or feet) of the wing. It's the wingspan multiplied by the wing's chord. The area of a tapered wing is the wingspan multiplied by the average chord.
Aspect Ratio
The wingspan divided by the chord. Aspect ratio is important where a wing's efficiency is concerned. A short aspect ratio (short wings) is better for maneuvering, since it allows a high roll rate. Short wings are also stronger than long wings. Gliders use high-aspect ratio wings (long, skinny wings) because they are more efficient for soaring flight. Example: 10 ft. wingspan with a 1 ft. chord has an aspect ratio of 10.
Axis
The line around which a body rotates.
Ball Link
Connection using a ball, and a link which rotates on the ball. Used to connect the servo to a control surface or lever.
Backlash
Term describing the amount of play between gears, or gear mesh. If too loose, the gear can slip, or strip the teeth. Too tight, and excessive wear is caused.
Barn Door Ailerons
Larger, built up ailerons rather than an aileron from a simple strip of solid wood like some kits have.
Base Load Antenna
A rigid, short antenna mounted to the model. Used to replace the longer receiver antenna.
Binding
What occurs when the friction at a joint is stronger than the linkage.
Blade Balancer
Usually called a 'prop balancer' for aircraft. Used to ensure that the propeller and spinner are equally balanced side-to-side to avoid vibration problems.
Blade Strike
Term describing the event of a propeller blade hitting another object. Although this can seem like a minor impact, the blades should be carefully and thoroughly inspected, as structural integrity is often compromised, producing an unsafe condition. If any question remains, do not fly until the blades are replaced.
Boring holes in the sky
Having fun flying an R/C airplane, without any pre-determined flight pattern.
Buddy Box
Training method utilizing two transmitter control boxes, linked together. The trainer radio has override control, which the instructor uses to take control when the trainee looses control, or becomes disoriented.
CA Glue
Cyano-Acrylate glue. This adhesive is a relatively fast-cure type, availablein various thicknesses and cure times. (Similar to "Super Glue".) There are many types used in model building. Refer to owners manual of kit to determine if used.
CG
Center of Gravity. A measurement used when balancing blades, as well as the model overall. Describes a central point in a given body, where all weight is considered to be concentrated. A central balance point.
Camber
If you draw a line through the center of the airfoil that's exactly half-way between the top and bottom surface, you get the mean airfoil line. Depending upon the airfoil, it can be straight or curved. This curve is called the "camber" of the airfoil. If it has a lot of curve, the airfoil is said to be "highly-cambered".
Canard
The horizontal surface forward of the wing used to control pitch. It's found on very few aircraft. Also the word used to describe aircraft that have a main wing and a horizontal control surface in the nose...also called, "tail first" aircraft.
Carburetor
The part of the engine which controls the speed or throttle setting and lean/rich mixture via setting of the needle valve.
Center of Pressure
An imaginary point on the chord of an airfoil where the total of all aerodynamic forces are assumed to act.
Centrifugal Force
The force created by a body's tendency to to follow a straight path working against a force which causes it to move in a curve, the resultant force which pulls away from a central axis of rotation.
Chandelle
A very steep climbing turn where the airplane makes a 180° change of direction.
Channel
The frequency number used by the transmitter to send signals to the receiver. If radios transmit on the same frequency, or channel, glitching will occur in the active receiver on that channel. This is due to conflicting signals sent by the two radios. Flying sites should have a frequency control system to ensure that only one radio operates on any given channel at one time. This is usually a board with some type of marker for each channel. If the marker is not available, someone else is using that channel. Do not use your radio unless you are sure you are the only one on the frequency.
Channel
The number of functions your radio can control. Ex: an 8 channel radio has 8 available servo slots used for separate control surfaces or switches. These channels can also be mixed on many radios, for such functions as collective, which increases pitch when throttle is increased.
Charge Jack
The plug receptacle of the switch harness into which the charger is plugged to charge the airborne battery. An expanded scale voltmeter (ESV) can also be plugged into it to check battery voltage between flights. It is advisable to mount the charge jack in an accessible area of the fuselage so an ESV can be used without removing the wing.
Charger
Device used to recharge batteries and usually supplied with the radio if NiCad batteries are included.
Chicken Stick
A hand-held stick used to flip start a model airplane engine.
Chord
The "depth" of the wing, its distance from leading edge to trailing edge. One of the components used to determine wing area. May vary from root to tip.
Clunk
Term used to describe the weighted end of the fuel pickup line in the fuel tank. The purpose of this is to ensure that the fuel pickup is always in the fuel supply, even when inverted
Coning
This effect is the bending of the rotor or propeller blades when stressed.
Control Surface
Any one of the various moveable portions of the wings, tail surfaces, or canard.
Conventional Gear
The landing gear arrangement where the airplane has a main gear and a tailwheel.
Cowl
The large molded fairing around an engine. It serves two purposes when done right: It helps the airflow go smoothly around the front of the airplane, and also provides a proper path for cooling air around the engine.
Dead Stick
Slang term for a landing without engine power. This term is often used to describe an unexpected autorotation. An example: "I ran out of fuel at 50 feet and had to dead stick".
Dialed In
Slang term for the condition in which the model is set up to fly smoothly and predictably. This is the state where the mechanics and electronics work together to produce the best performance.
Dihedral
The V-shaped bend in the wing. Typically, more dihedral causes more aerodynamic stability in an airplane, and causes the rudder to control both the roll and yaw axis. This is why some trainers and sailplanes require only 3 channels of radio control—i.e., having no ailerons.
Ding
Minor dent or damage to the structure. Also, a nick in a prop. Dinged props must be replaced.
Disk
Term describing the shape of the rotary wing or propeller formed by the spinning blades.
Dorsal Fin
An extension of the vertical fin forward of the main part of the fin, and against the fuselage. On the top, or "dorsal" side of the aircraft.
Down thrust
Downward angle of the engine relative to the centerline of the airplane. Down thrust helps overcome the normal climbing tendency caused by the torque of the engine. Please refer to this FAQ for further information.
Drag
The air resistance to forward motion. Drag can be increased with the use of certain types of devices installed on the aircraft, such as spoilers, airbrakes, or flaps. Old-style aircraft with lots of supporting wires had very large amounts of drag, while modern aircraft such as military jets, have very low drag.
Dual Rates
Radio function used to adjust control sensitivity.
Electric Starter
A hand-held electric motor used for starting a model airplane engine. Usually powered by a 12-volt battery.
Elevator
Pitch control. Causes the model to raise or lower its nose, resulting in a climbing or diving response. Moving the elevator down causes the tail to rise, pushing the nose down and causing the model to dive. Moving the elevator up causes the tail to drop, raising the nose in reference to the tail (as if you were sitting in the aircraft).
Empennage
The vertical and horizontal tail surfaces of an airplane.
Engine
The methanol or gasoline fueled power plant used in a model. Two or four-stroke gasoline and glow engines are very popular in aircraft. Four-stroke engines tend to turn higher diameter lower pitch props, and therefore tend to be used in applications requiring more torque and less speed response.
Epoxy
A two-part resin/hardener glue that is extremely strong. It is generally available in 6 and 30-minute formulas. Used for critical points in the aircraft where high strength is necessary.
Expanded Scale Voltmeter (ESV)
Device used to read the battery voltage of the on- board battery pack or transmitter battery pack.
Exponential
This radio function allows the modeler to adjust the sensitivity of the control towards the center. This will make the small stick motions very precise, while longer stick movement moves the servo arm at a proportional rate.
FM
Frequency Modulation. This describes the mode of transmission of radio signal from transmitter to receiver.
Failsafe
A PCM function which moves servos to a pre programmed position if transmitter signal is lost or corrupted.
Fairing
A shaped area used to smooth out, streamline, or "fair", the joint between two members of an airplane. A wing fairing joins the wing and fuselage. A landing gear fairing streamlines the landing gear struts, and wheel fairings (wheel "pants") streamline the bulky shape of the wheels.
Field charger
A fast battery charger designed to work from a 12-volt power source, such as a car battery.
"Figure 9"
Can be an "official" competition maneuver, or a badly-done loop. When the model flies over the top of a loop and picks up too much speed, the momentum prevents it from maintaining a loop's round shape.
Fin, Vertical Fin
The fixed portion of the vertical tail surface.
Flaps
Hinged control surface located at the trailing edge of the wing inboard of the ailerons. The flaps are lowered to produce more aerodynamic lift from the wing, allowing a slower takeoff and landing speed. Flaps are often found on scale models, but usually not on basic trainers.
Flare
The point during the landing approach in which the pilot gives an increased amount of up elevator to smooth the touchdown of the airplane.
Flight Box
A special box used to hold and transport all equipment used at the flying field.
Flight Pack or Airborne pack
All of the radio equipment installed in the airplane, i.e., Receiver, Servos, Battery, Switch harness.
Floats
Long, canoe-shaped structures that allow an airplane to land on water. They are not a part of the aircraft structure, but suspended below the fuselage on struts. Also called "Pontoons".
Flutter
A phenomenon whereby the elevator or aileron control surface begins to oscillate violently in flight. This can sometimes cause the surface to break away from the aircraft and cause a crash. There are many reasons for this, but the most common are excessive hinge gap or excessive "slop" in the pushrod connections and control horns. If you ever hear a low-pitched buzzing sound, reduce throttle and land immediately.
Flying Boat
The type of aircraft where the fuselage has the lower portion shaped like a power boat. The plane lands on water directly onto the fuselage. There may be small floats suspended from the wings to keep the plane level when it's in the water.
Fore, Forward
Towards the front. Used such as: "...the forward edge of the rib...", or as in: "...with fore and aft movement...."
Frequency Control
The FCC has allowed the 72MHz (72.010 - 72.990) band to be used for R/C aircraft operations. This band is divided up into many different channels in which you can choose a radio system. You should be aware that certain areas have frequencies in which there is pager interference. This is why it is always a wise move to check with your local hobby shop to find out any channels that may be troublesome in the area you wish to fly. The FCC has allowed band 75MHz (75.410 through 75.990) for ground model use only (robots, battlebots, cars, boats), 50MHz (50.800 - 50.980) is allocated only to Amateur HAM license holders for R/C use (and only at 1W maximum power output.)
Fuel
The methanol/nitromethane/lubricant mix used to fuel model engines.
Fuse
Fuselage, main body
Fuselage
The body of an airplane.
Gain
Gyro sensitivity. When too low, the tail will not hold position well. When too high, the surface being dampened by the gyro will tend to wag, or hunt for center.
Gasser
Slang for a model using a gasoline engine as a power plant.
Glitch
Momentary radio problem that never happens unless you are over trees or a swamp.
Glow Fuel
A Methanol based fuel, with a lubricating agent, used in most model engines. Most model fuels also use a percentage of nitromethane.
Glow Heater
This is used to heat the element in a glow plug, and is used when starting the model engine. AKA Ni-Starter.
Glow Plug
This is the plug that is used to help ignite the fuel in a model engine. The combustion of the fuel in the engine keeps the element hot between cycles, thus the glow plug does not need to be regulated or powered while the engine is running.
Ground Effect
The cushion of air that the model rides on when close to the ground. This will decrease the amount of elevator needed to maintain a constant altitude when near the ground/landing.
Gyro
A mechanical or electronic device which helps to stabilize the orientation of the model by sensing rotation, and moving the appropriate servo to compensate. This device can be used on any axis, but is most frequently used on rudder and elevator, typically used to aid in 3D and precision flying.
Header Tank
This is a small fuel tank used in line between the main tank and the carburetor. The purpose of the header tank is to ensure that the fuel fed to the carb is free of bubbles, which can be caused by foaming, or by the clunk falling away from fuel during complex maneuvers.
Heading Hold
This describes a type of Gyro which senses rotation, and maintains direction. This is accomplished by sensing the rate of motion, and the time of motion, then compensating for the distance. While this sounds complicated, the effect is that if you have the model dialed in, and point the nose north, with a heading hold gyro on the yaw axis the model will continue to face north until you command it to yaw. See also Heading Lock. (not recommended for aircraft use while in flight due to the requirement to use YAW (rudder) command to turn the model. Often used for ground use only for perfect take off and landing runs.)
Heading Lock
Slang term for Heading Hold Gyro.
Hit (or to be hit)
Sudden radio interference which causes your model to fly in an erratic manner. Most often caused by someone turning on a radio that is on your frequency, but can be caused by other radio sources miles away.
Horizontal Stabilizer
The horizontal tail surface at the back of the fuselage which provides aerodynamic pitch stability to the airplane.
Hot Start
An engine which has been running will tend to remain hot for a short time. During this period, it is possible to restart the engine by turning the crankshaft without the glow plug being plugged in to a glow starter. This is something to be aware of, as it could possibly create an unsafe condition.
Hover
A 3D manuever. The art of flying without moving, also known as a 'hanger'. The aircraft is pointing straight upward, hanging solely on the thrust from the propeller. The model may be drifting horizontally with the wind but should not climb or dive.
Hydraulic Lock
Hydraulic lock happens when the engine becomes flooded with fuel, to the point where the piston cannot compress it in the combustion chamber. This can result in engine damage if the crankshaft is forced through a rotation without relieving the pressure. To cure, remove the glow plug, and pour out the excess fuel.
Immelmann
A maneuver originally used to reverse direction in combat. The airplane noses up and over onto its back. It then rolls upright and continues in the direction opposite to the original direction. It was invented by the World War I German pilot Max Immelmann, whose airplane could perform the maneuver, and other's couldn't. It got him out of a lot of trouble in combat until the Allied aircraft designs caught-up and allowed their planes to perform the maneuver, too.
Incidence
The angle of one portion of a model when compared to another portion of the model. For example, if the stabilizer is perfectly parallel to the ground and the leading edge of the wing points up 2 degrees when compared to the stabilizer, the wing has a 2 degree positive incidence when compared to the stabilizer. Up or down thrust angle are also called engine incidence. Having these 3 measurements in proper relation to one another affects how well the model flies, particularly on vertical lines. An improper engine-to-wing incidence often results in a model which cannot be trimmed on pitch because at higher throttle the engine is pulling the model upward and at lower throttle it is pulling the model downward, or vice versa.
Incidence Meter
Used to measure the angle of attack of an airfoil.
Intake
An air inlet on an aircraft. You can have a carburetor intake, cooling intake, air conditioning intake (on full-size aircraft), and so on. Named because it "takes in" air, and because "intake" is a better-sounding word than "takesin".
Inverted
Flying upside down. Note that elevator and rudder seem to work backward from the ground, as elevator, aileron and rudder inputs are all based upon the model's orientation (as if you were sitting inside).
Kit
A Kit describes an unassembled model, arrives as packages of parts which must be assembled, as opposed to an ARF, or Almost Ready to Fly, which is mostly pre assembled.
LE
Leading edge (front)
Landing Gear
The assemblies that include the wheels and the wheel struts. The word "gear" is used in the sense of "equipment", as opposed to the "toothed wheel" meaning of "gear". The British call the landing gear the "undercarriage".
Landing Skid
The rail type landing gear used on some models which have no wheels.
Leading Edge (LE)
The very front edge of the wing or stabilizer. This is the edge that hits the air first.
Lean
Refers to carburetor setting. When an engine is run too lean it will overheat, causing damage, and likely an in flight engine failure. Tuning a carburetor is best accomplished by starting rich, and working gradually to the condition which produces maximum power, while allowing a small amount of unburned fuel mixture to lubricate and cool the engine.
Lean Run
This happens when an engine develops a lean condition. Possible causes are improper tuning, improper fuel choice, fuel foaming due to excessive vibration, or a leak developing in the fuel delivery system. The air in the fuel line will cause the engine to run lean.
LG
Landing gear
Loading
The load placed on the airfoil of a flying machine. In the case of an aircraft, this would be wing loading. Typically found by dividing the weight of the model by the total area of the main wing(s). Note that wing loading is only a good comparison between models of the same size. Larger models appear to have a far higher wing loading while displaying similar flight characteristics.
Loop
A vertical circle in the air. The plane noses up, keeps rotating until it's on its back, and then comes down and around to describe a vertical circle in the air.
Lubricant
The agent used to aid in the reduction of friction between two parts. This term is used for many substances, which in turn are used in many different ways. They are all, however, used to reach the same objective, that being the reduction of wear between parts. In the case of engine fuel, the lubricant is added to the fuel at the factory in many cases. This might be castor, a synthetic, or a blend. The percentage of lubricant required in the fuel will depend on the type of fuel, the engine, and the model requirement.
Main Gear
Also Main Landing Gear. The large, heavy-duty landing gear struts and wheels that support most of the weight of the airplane. They are usually under the wing or under the fuselage near the center of the aircraft. Any other landing gear struts and wheels are noticeably smaller.
Midrange
The power band of an engine between idle and full throttle.
Mixing
Radios with mixing will take two or more controls and mix their output in relation to stick input. The number of channels that can be mixed, and the precision of the mixing curve, or number of curve points, will depend on the transmitter used.
Mixture
Fuel to air mixture is determined by the needle valve on the engine carburetor.
Motor
Any electric motor used in the model. Examples are the servo motors, which move the servo arms, and thus the control surfaces. There are also kits which use electric motors in place of the engine for quieter, cleaner flight.
MPH
Speed in Miles Per Hour. Like RPM, MPH is both singular and plural. You can go 1 MPH or 100 MPH. You don't go 100 MPH's.
Needle Valve
This is used to tune the fuel to air mixture on the engine carburetor. On most engines, the needle is turned clockwise to lean the mixture, and counterclockwise to richen.
NiCad (or NiCd) = Nickel Cadmium battery
Rechargeable batteries which are typically used as power for radio transmitters and receivers.
Nitro
Abbreviation for nitromethane. The addition of nitromethane in fuel provides more power, and a smoother idle, thus making the engine easier to tune. The nitro also makes an engine require more careful tuning, therefore, the amount of nitro added to a fuel results in a tradeoff. Common nitro mixes vary from 0% to 30% and beyond.
Nitromethane
The addition of nitromethane in fuel provides more power, and a smoother idle, thus making the engine easier to tune. The nitro also makes an engine require more careful tuning, however, to avoid overheating. Common nitro mixes range from 0% (FAI fuel) to 30%.
Nose
The front portion of a model's fuselage.
Nose Gear
The strut and wheel that's under the nose of some aircraft.
PCM
Pulse Code Modulation. A modified FM signal used in high end radios. The signal is coded by the transmitter, resulting in a cleaner signal.
PPM
Pulse Position Modulation. Another term for FM.
Peak
This is the point at which a battery will no longer accept a charge, and converts the energy to heat. This is damaging to the battery pack, and potentially hazardous.
Peak Charger
This type of charger will eliminate the guesswork. When the battery has reached peak, the charger reverts to a maintenance charge rate, which will not damage the pack.
Pitch
Describes the fore and aft attitude of the model. (Nose high or low in comparison to the ground.) Controlled by the elevator(s).
Pitch Axis
The airplane axis controlled by the elevator. Pitch is illustrated by holding the airplane at each wingtip. Raising or lowering the nose is the pitch movement. This is how the climb or dive is controlled.
Ply
Plywood
Pontoons
See Floats.
Power Panel
12-volt distribution panel that provides correct voltage for accessories like glow-plug clips, fuel pumps and electric starters. Usually mounted on a field box and connected to a 12-volt battery.
Prop Balancer
Device designed to aid in the balancing of model airplane propellers.
Pull-Pull
A linkage set up using two rods or wires. One is pulled for one direction, the other is pulled for the other.
Push-Pull
A linkage set up using two rods. One rod pushes, while the other pulls.
Receiver (Rx)
The radio unit in the airplane which receives the transmitter signal and relays the control to the servos. This is somewhat similar to the radio you may have in your family automobile, except the radio in the airplane perceives commands from the transmitter, while the radio in your car perceives music from the radio station.
Reflex
If a wing has an airfoil that curves down from the high point, and then curves back up, it's said to be "reflexed". Reflex is the size of that reverse curve.
Resonance
This is the vibration frequency of a rotating or moving object. When the resonance of many parts of a machine are in synch, the whole machine will vibrate at a greater rate. This can cause vibration damage. Resonance can cause difficulties in an aircraft, particularly when using a vibration mount with an improperly balanced propeller/spinner wherein the engine is vibrating at one frequency and the propeller at another.
Retract servo
Specifically used for mechanical retracts. It is a non-proportional servo which only moves 180 degrees. That is to say this servo is either "off" (gear up and fully locked) or "on" (gear down and fully locked). No ATV, EPA, or AST adjustments can be made on these servos because they are not proportional. The linkage must be set up properly to allow this servo to operate at its full range and do its job -- securing your model's landing gear in a gear-up or gear-down position.
Retracts
Short for retractable landing gear. Wheels and struts that fold up into the airplane to get them out of the airstream and present less resistance to the airflow.
Right Thrust
Right yaw angle of the engine relative to the centerline of the airplane. Right thrust helps overcome the normal yaw tendency caused by the torque of the engine. Please refer to this FAQ for further information.
Ringed
An engine which uses a piston with a piston ring. Compare to ABC or ABN. Best used in dusty environments, a ringed engine is less susceptible to damage from contaminants in the fuel/air mixture, but does not provide the higher compression ratio of the ABC/ABN engines.
Roll (maneuver)
The airplane keeps the nose pointed in one direction while it rolls over on its back and then upright again.
Roll Axis
The airplane axis controlled by the ailerons. Roll is illustrated by holding the airplane by the nose and tail. Dropping either wingtip is the roll movement. This is used to bank or turn the airplane. Many aircraft are not equipped with ailerons and the Roll and Yaw motions are controlled by the rudder. This is one reason why most trainer aircraft have a larger amount of dihedral.
RPM
Revolutions Per Minute. How fast something turns. It is both singular and plural. An engine can turn one RPM, or 10,000 RPM, NEVER 10,000 RPM's.
Rudder
The moveable portion of the vertical tail surface. The rudder controls the airplane around the yaw axis.
Rx
Abbreviation for receiver.
Seaplane
An airplane that has floats, or pontoons, attached to allow it to land on water.
Servo
The radio component which does the work of moving a control surface.
Servo Output Arm
The removable arm or wheel which bolts to the output shaft of a servo and connects to the pushrod.
Shot down
A "hit" that results in a crash landing. Sometimes caused by radios miles away.
Simulator
A computer program which uses a modified radio transmitter, and a graphic depiction of a model and flying area. This is used to give model pilots a feel for flying, without the risk of a crash. The simulator can be used by the newcomer to learn to take off/hover/forward flight/landings, or by the expert to dial in that new 3D routine without crashing a very expensive 3D model.
Skid
The rail type landing gear used on many helicopter and some aircraft models.
Slats
Moveable surfaces on the leading edge of the wing that help airflow in low-speed flight. They enable the wing to fly at lower airspeeds than without them by directing the airflow over the wing and preventing separation of the airflow. Basically, they are retractable slots. All modern jetliners have slats, which open when landing flaps are lowered. Some aircraft intended for very short takeoff and landing have slats that open and close automatically, depending upon airspeed and angle of attack.
Slip
A maneuver where the airplane's controls are used to make the fuselage fly at an angle to the line of flight. This causes a tremendous increase in drag, and allows an airplane without landing flaps to increase its angle of descent without picking up a lot of speed.
Slop
Slop occurs when a control surfaces movement does not move the servo. Common cause is a worn linkage point or poor linkage setup.
Slot
A specially-shaped slot in the wing just behind the leading edge. This directs airflow from below to the top of the wing, and helps low-speed flight by delaying the stall. Because they are permanently-mounted, they do add drag. See also "Slats"
Slow Roll
A very slow version of the roll.
Snap Roll
A type of rolling maneuver that is very quick and violent. It's basically a spin where the flight path is in any direction chosen by the pilot. Improper speed control during a landing approach can also make the model snap over on one wing and enter a spin. Since it's close to the ground, there's not enough room to recover, and a crash results.
Solo
Your first totally unassisted flight that results in a controlled landing.
Span, also "Wingspan"
The widest straight-line distance between the two wingtips.
Speed Brakes
Large panels that fold out of the aircraft structure to provide a lot of extra drag to the air. They are not part of the wing structure, but are usually mounted on the fuselage. Military jets most often have speed brakes, which fold out of the fuselage. Some airliners use spoilers as speed brakes when at altitude.
Spin
A maneuver where one wing is stalled and the other is still flying. This causes the airplane to rotate around its middle while it descends at a high rate of speed. When it's done on purpose, it is a precision maneuver, with the pilot trying to get the airplane to rotate an exact number of turns from entry to exit. When it's done accidentally, it can easily result in a crash. Many models crash when the pilot enters an accidental spin too close to the ground. This is caused by improper speed control during the landing approach.
Spinner
The bullet-shaped fairing on the nose of the airplane around the propeller. This smooths the airflow around the propeller hub and also makes the airplane look much better.
Split-S
Basically a reverse Immelmann. The airplane rolls onto its back, and then the nose comes down to finish a 1/2-loop. The direction of flight is changed 180°.
Spoiler(s)
Control surfaces on the wing that destroy lift. They "spoil" it. They are used on sail-planes because they can steepen the very flat glide of the aircraft, which makes landings much easier. On full-size aircraft, spoilers are also used to kill lift on landing to make sure the airplane is firmly on the ground. They also add a lot of drag to help with aerodynamic braking.
Stab
Horizontal stabilizer, 'smaller wing'
Stabilizer
A surface which increases the stability of a model. Most aircraft have two stabilizers, the horizontal (stab) and vertical (fin), which are mounted on the tail. The stabilizers help the model overcome the rotational forces caused by the engine.
Stall
When the air flowing over the wing cannot produce enough lift to support the weight of the model, it's called a "stall". This can happen if the modeler flies too slowly, or if the wing is at a too-high angle to the incoming airflow. If the wing is at a too-high angle to the incoming airflow, then it cannot flow over the wing properly to develop lift.
Stall Turn
The maneuver in which the model is flown to a point at which the rotor disk/main wing is vertical, reaches an apex/stalls, then is turned about the yaw axis to continue in a nose forward/down attitude, then is returned to horizontal flight.
Strut
Basically this is a supporting member. A wing strut supports the wing, and goes from the fuselage to the wing. Cabane struts are on biplanes, and support the upper wing over the fuselage. A landing gear strut is the portion that holds the wheel assembly to the airplane, and away from the wing or fuselage.
Sub-Trim
This is a trim function on many computer radios, allowing trim function during set-up, and still allowing the full trim function in flight.
Tachometer
An optical sensor designed specifically to count light impulses through a turning propeller and read out the engine RPM.
Taildragger
The nickname of an airplane that sits on its tail with the two main wheels in front and a tailwheel in the rear.
Tailskid
On old World War I type aircraft, or pioneer-type aircraft, there was no tailwheel. A wooden skid was used to support the tail of the airplane. While this helps slow the airplane during landing, it is useless as an aid to steering on the ground. The real aircraft with tailskids had to be maneuvered on the ground by ground crews, who put the tail on a small cart and towed the airplane where they wanted it. For small distances, the tail was picked-up by hand and the airplane pushed into position by the ground crew.
Tailwheel
The small wheel at the tail of the airplane. This is found on the type of airplane that has the two large wheels in the front, and the small one in the rear. The airplane sits on its tail.
TE
Trailing edge (rear)
Throttle
The control that allows the pilot to change the speed of the engine. In a car, the "gas pedal" is actually the throttle control for the car.
Throttle Curve
The programming function of the radio which allows throttle operation to be adjusted to meet the modeler's specific needs at various points along the throttle movement. Particularly useful with 2-stroke engines in providing linear throttle response at the various points of throttle application.
Thrust
The forward force provided by the airplane's engine. This is the force that drives the airplane forward.
Torque
The force which tends to cause rotation.
TR
Abbreviation for Torque Roll, a 3D manuever which begins as a hover and the torque of the engine/propeller rotates the model in a counterclockwise direction without any aileron (roll) inputs.
Trainer Airplane
A model designed to be inherently stable and fly at low speeds, to give first-time modelers time to think and react as they learn to fly.
Trailing Edge (TE)
The rearmost edge of the wing or stabilizer.
Transmitter (Tx)
The hand-held radio controller. This is the unit that sends out the commands that you input.
Tricycle Gear
The landing gear arrangement where the airplane has main gear and a nose gear.
Tx
Abbreviation for transmitter.
Undercamber
This means that the lower surface of the wing has a hollow curve when observed from front to back. A thin wing with a high camber will be undercambered.
Ventral Fin
A small vertical surface on the bottom of the aft fuselage. Usually a long, slim triangle that is narrow at the front, and widens toward the rear. It usually ends at the rudder hinge line.
Washout
The twist in an airfoil which causes less angle of attack at the tips than the root. Increases stability of the model at slow speeds as the wing tips will stall after the center of the wing, avoiding accidental tip stalls.
Weathervane
This describes the tendency to point into the wind. Stabilizers on a model result in its desire to weathervane.
Wheel Pants
The large fairings used to streamline the wheels of an aircraft that has non-retracting, or "fixed" landing gear (so-called because it's "fixed" in place).
Windsock
This can be used to describe a number of devices, all of which give a visual clue to the direction and speed of wind in a given location.
Wing
The main lifting surface of an airplane.
Wing Loading
This is the amount of weight per square foot that has to be overcome to provide lift. It is normally expressed in ounces per square foot. This specification can be easily calculated as follows: If you know the square inches of the wing, simply divide by 144 to obtain square feet. Divide the total weight (in ounces) of the airplane by the wing area (in square feet). This information is valuable when deciding on which airplane to build next. Planes with high wing loading numbers must fly faster to stay in the air. These are generally "performance" airplanes. Conversely, planes with lower numbers do not need as much air flowing around the wing to keep it flying. Trainers are designed to have low wing loading because slow, efficient flight is desired.
Wing Root
The centerline of the wing, where the left and right wing panels are joined.
Winglet
A small vertical surface at the tips of the wings. They help direct the turbulent airflow that all wings have at the tips. They makes the wings more efficient.
Yaw
The nose-left and nose-right movement of the airplane. This is controlled by the rudder.
Yaw Axis
The airplane axis controlled by the rudder. Yaw is illustrated by hanging the airplane level by a wire located at the center of gravity. Left or right movement of the nose is the Yaw movement.
Yaw Rate
The rate of movement about the vertical axis of a model.
Z-Bend
A type of linkage point using a bend in the control rod which resemble a Z.
Buddy Box
Someone else to blame and pay for repairs. (They are supposed to save the Helicopter. Right??)
Normal Flying
Crashing right side up
3D Flying
Crashing upside down. The art of flying inverted, many times combined with rolls, loops, flips, etc.. Without using a switch on the transmitter to correct the inverted controls when flying inverted
Out of balance battery-pack is when some of the cells in the pack still had some charge left in them while others have no charge remaining.
Trickle Charge
A trickle charge is less than C/10 and is meant for continuous charging for standby devices such as cordless phones
Autorotation bearing
AKA "Autohub", "Auto gear","Autorotation Wheel" when referring to the whole main gear assembly with AR bearing installed.IKARUS #s 67703, 67705 (Aluminum Hub)
Main gear
Ikarus # 67536.Also called "Spur Gear" being as it's the gear meshing with the motor output gear (pinion gear)
Main shaft
"Main Rotor Shaft" Ikarus #67535; 67940 (Hardened)
Main shaft bearing blocks
"Upper bearing case" Ik# 67521; Ali upgrade available. (Sly's, FX, PMP)
Swash plate
"Upper plate/moving swash plate/"Star" "Bottom swash plate/ stationary plate/"cross"
eCCPM
Also called here just "CCPM","Radio Mixing","Microcomputer Mixing"
Anti rotation slider
"Antirotating pin holder"(Seizbonics)"Swash plate handle" Ik#67629
Washout unit
"Collective Pitch Compensator", "CPC" composed of Center Hub #67590; 2 "arms"#67591; and 2 Y-arms .CPC adjusts overall main blade pitch during collective pitch input, and adjusts flybar pitch with cyclic input
Main rotor
"Rotor head" composed of Rotor Center Unit(Rotor Head Block,"T Tube")#67639; Feathering Shaft/Feathering Spindle/Blade Shaft/Blade Bearing Shaft #67509 (67942 Hardened); O ring Dampeners #67588; and Main Blade Holders #67511. Rotor head connects main blades to main shaft in a way that allows the blades' pitch to be adjusted. The loads of lift and flight inputs are hard fixed to the main shaft with the "Jesus Bolt" (Rotor Head Screw #67599)
Feathering spindle
"Feathering Shaft","Blade Bearing Shaft"
Bell-Hiller mixer
"Mixerlever" Ajusts pitch to main blades depending on collective/ cyclic pitch inputs and flybar pitch. As flybar pitch changes translated from the upper swash through the pitch compensator, the mixerlever arms translate those movements to the main blades as the entire rotor head rotates, so that the main blades' pitch is gradually increased/ decreased on the corresponding "side" of the copter to produce the proper roll or pitch ( pitch being tilting the nose up and down)
Flybar seesaw
It attaches at a pivot point to the Rotor Center Unit so that the flybar can pivot up and down; which allows the flybar to act as a gyroscope to stabilize the helicopter in flight. The flybar swivels in response to cyclic input and tilts to an "equilibrium" of cyclic input and its own rotation. This makes the rotor head more stable.
Flybar control arm
"Seesaw Lever". These are fixed to the flybar and connected via links to the pitch compensator arm ends.They rotate the flybar and adjust flybar paddle pitch, which tilts the flybar down in the direction the helicopter will move.
Dampers
"Rotor head Rubber Dampeners","O rings"# 67588. Without these, the forces acting on the main blades would literally disintegrate the helicopter. The thrust of the blade rotation, along with the up and down loads of the air resistance would shake the helicopter to pieces and cause the "head tube" across the tob to split apart. Real helicopters have a MUCH more complicated dampening system for the same purpose.
Jesus bolt
"Rotor Head Screw" # 67599. This screw fixes the rotor head to the main shaft and carries ALL of the load placed on the flight surfaces. It has been known to bend into an "S" shape during an impact while the blades are spinning at high RPMs. It LOOKS way too scrawny for the job it does.
AUW
All up weight
BEC
Battery Eliminating Circuit
C
Capacity or charge current
1C
Charge the pack at 1x it's capacity (3000mAh at 3.0 amps, 2400mAh at 2.4amps)
C/10
Charge at 1/10th the capacity (3000mAh at 300mAh, 2400 mAh at 240mAhs). Don't trickle charge LiPo packs!!!!!
CA
Cyanoacrylate
CCPM
Cyclic Collective Pitch Mixing [90 = servos are 90 degrees from each other, 120 servos are 120 degrees from each other]
CF or C/F
Carbon fiber.
CP
Collective pitch (piccolo with CP upgrade) or Piccolo Pro, ECO-8
A more advanced version of R/C Helicopters use CP ( vs a simpler design named Fixed Pitch or FP ).
In a collective pitch design the Helicopter rotor head speed ( RPM ) is fairly constant during all times ( very fast head speed ) and the angle of the main rotor blades ( also referred to as the angle of attack ) controls the altitude. A mixer ( electronic or mechanical ) is used to set the ratio between the throttle ( speed of motor ) and collective pitch ( angle of rotor blades ). CP is not recommended for beginners as more advanced knowledge and setup is required. Read more about pitch curves and throttle curves to further expand your knowledge of CP technologies.
CRP
Carbon fibre Reinforced Plastic
ECO
Economical Helicopter (per Ikarus’s ECO-8 manual) always thought it was Electrical Helicopter
ESC
Electronic Speed Controller (the bit at the heli end that controls the speed of your motors)
Fast Charge
Charging above 1C
FET
Field Effect Transistor
FF
Forward flight
FFF
Fast Forward Flight
FP
Fixed Pitch (standard piccolo setup)
A simple design which has the main rotor blades angled at all times ( also referred to a positive angle of attack ). In a fixed pitch machine the pilot condoler the altitude ( height ) of the Helicopter using the RPM ( speed ) of the main motor. More RPM and the Heli will fly higher, less RPM and the Helicopter will decent. Fixed Pitch is recommended for beginners. More advanced flyer should look into getting a collective pitch machine.
GE
Ground effect turbulence experienced near the ground due to the air displacement of the main rotor blades. Rule of Thumb is usually ½ the diameter of the Rotor blades. Piccolo has 20” rotor Diameter,
GE
Ground Effect 10” about. So lets say 12” / 1 foot to be safe. ECO-8 has 42” Rotor so GE is approximately 21” or 2 feet to be safe.
GF or G/F
Glass fibre
GRP
Glassfibre Reinforced Plastic
IR
Internal Resistance
IGE
In Ground Effect
LHS
Local Hobby Shop / Store
Lio
Lithium based battery cell. Lio-Polymers, Lio-Ion are examples
MS
The company that makes the Hornet
OGE
Out of Ground Effect Out of balance battery-pack is when some of the cells in the pack still had some charge left in them while others have no charge remaining.
Peak charge
Charge at 1C and Slow or Trick after pack peaks.
ROG
Rise Off Ground, as in a rolling take off.
Rx
Receiver Interrupts signals from the transmitter and tells everything mounted on the helis what to do when.
Servo
Little box with arms that moves the swash-plate and things based on Transmitter signals and plugs into the receiver
SP
Swash Plate
Slow Charge
C/10
Trickle Charge
A trickle charge is less than C/10 and is meant for continuous charging for standby devices such as cordless phones
Tx
Transmitter (as in your radio control transmitter)
WBR
Wreck Beyond Repair.
WOT
Wide Open Throttle
Xtal
The frequency crystals for the Receiver
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